Annotated Bibliography 4

Tara Link

Haley Stokes

English 1010

April 7th

Annotated Bibliography 4

Key, Alexandra, Melissa Ferguson, Denis Molfese, Kelley Peach, Victoria Molfese, and Casey Lehman. "Smoking during Pregnancy Affects Speech-Processing Ability in Newborn Infants.." Environmental Health Perspectives . 115.4 (2007): 623-628. Print.

SUMMARY

Cigarettes are among the non-medicinal drugs used most widely during pregnancy, especially in Wester cultures. Although the general population of smokers is declining pregnant women show the slowest rate of decline. Numerous studies report that maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy may have a harmful effect on fetal development. Low birth weight in newborns is the most consistently reported consequence of maternal smoking. Prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke is also linked to various health, behavioral, and cognitive impairments. The Committee on Environmental Health noted increased incidents of asthma, respiratory infections, and middle ear effusions. Recently there was reported lower sociability/negative emotionality during infancy and increased likelihood of conduct disorders during childhood in boys and girls born to smoking mothers. Smoking during pregnancy has many bad health related outcomes.

REFLECTION

Tobacco smoking during pregnancy is known to adversely affect development of the central nervous system in babies of smoking mothers by restricting utero--placental blood flow and the amount of oxygen available to the fetus. Behavioral data associate maternal smoking with lower verbal scores and poorer performance on specific language/auditory tests. They ran some test on both babies whose mothers smoked and babies who mothers were non smokers and the results were: Brainwaves of babies of nonsmoking mothers were characterized by typical hemisphere asymmetries, with larger amplitudes over the left hemisphere, especially over temporal regions. Further, infants of nonsmokers discriminated among a greater number of syllables whereas the newborns of smokers began the discrimination process at least 150 msec later and differentiated among fewer stimuli. CONCLUSIONS: There findings indicate that prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke in otherwise healthy babies is linked with significant changes in brain physiology associated with basic perceptual skills that could place the infant at risk for later developmental problems.

Annotated Bibliography 3

Tara Link

English 1010

Haley Stokes

April 1

Annotated Bibliography 3

Windham, Gayle, Patrick Mitchell, Meredith Anderson, Bill Lasely, and . "Cigarette Smoking and Effects on Hormone Function in Premenopausal Women.." Environmental Health Perspectives . 113.10 (2005): 1285. Print.

SUMMARY

Cigarettes contain compounds that are suspected to cause reproductive problems and possible affect hormone activity. Cigarette smoke contains known reproductive toxicants, and smoking has been associated with adverse reproductive outcomes in women such as infertility. Smokers have different menstrual cycles than those of non smokers. Wanted to know if smoking may exert some of its deleterious effects via an endocrine mechanism. They are interested in measuring whether estrogen excretion appeared reduced and identifying at what level such an effect may occur. Smokers are less likely to have a college education. Compared with non smokers, smokers are less educated, more likely to be of another race other than asian or white, drank more alcohol, caffeinated beverages, and are more likely to get pregnant and smoke while pregnant.

REFLECTION

It was all really interesting, and I learned that smoking affects your bowel movements, and urine, as well as women’s menstrual periods. If a women is trying to get pregnant and she’s a smoker she could have a harder time getting pregnant than a women who is a non smoker. Also that smoking effects your estrogen levels. Smoking while pregnant also has hormone effects on the baby, and people who smoke are usually of different races not white or asian. Asians not being a main race of smoking doesn’t really surprise me, but white people does surprise me, I thought for sure there would be more white people as smokers, than other races. It doesn’t surprise me that smokers are less educated, and more likely to drink more alcohol.

Annotated Bibliography 2

Tara Link

English 1010

Haley Stokes

April 1

Annotated Bibliography 2

Zanardo, Vincenzo, Silvia Nicolussi, Stefania Cavallin, Daniele Trevisanuto, Diego Faggian, Flaviano Favaro, Diebani Mario, and Angelo Barbato. "Effect of Maternal Smoking on Breast Milk Interleukin-1α, β-Endorphin, and Leptin Concentrations.." Environmental Health Perspectives . 113.10 (2005): 1410. Print.

SUMMARY

Breast milk helps babies with sudden infant death syndrome, protects against gastrointestinal, ear infection, and asthma. Breast milk helps fight against, and builds a defense against infectious agents. Very little is known of the mechanisms by which smoke might account for the reduced protective effect of breast milk. Cigarette smoke has 5000 different chemicals in it, including 70 carcinogens. Breast-feeding substantially increases absorption of nicotine compared with only environmental tobacco smoke when the mother smokes. Nicotine has received much attention because it is immunotoxic, triggering the immune system and altering the humoral and cellular immunity and the levels of certain cytokines and their receptors. They collected samples of milk everyday from nonsmokers, and smokers they had analyzed 164 milk samples collected from 82 mothers, 42 smokers, 40 nonsmokers. The birth weight of the newborn infants of smoker mothers was not significantly lower. Concentrations were significantly reduced in the colostrum of smoker compared with the nonsmoker control mothers. A lot substances like B-Endorphin, and Leptin found in non smoking breast milk was lower in smokers breast milk. We found no significant differences between smoker and nonsmoker lactating mothers in transitional milk concentrations of IL-1a, B-endorphin, and leptin, and they found no correlations between reduced IL-1a levels of the colostral milk samples and related immunomodulator B-endorphin and leptin levels.

REFLECTION

Well I for one did not expect these results to be. I thought that smoking while breast feeding would cause more problems and issues for the baby drinking the milk. I know that there are some issues that occur when breast feeding but I expected more. I do know that there are a lot of good things that non smokers breast milk can do, and smokers breast milk can’t do. Even though there is not much of a difference in non smokers, and smokers breast milk, A person still should not smoke while breast feeding.

Annotated Bibliography 1

Tara Link

English 1010

Haley Stokes

Annotated Bibliography Entry 1

SOURCE

Schneider, Sven, and Jessica Schutz. "Who smokes during pregnancy? A systematic literature review of population-based surveys conducted in developed countries between 1997 and 2006.." European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 13.2 (2008): 138-147. Print.

SUMMARY

This article was about what kind of women smoke during pregnancy. This study identified risk groups with an above-average prevalence of smoking during pregnancy.

This article went over each and every group of women that are more likely to smoke during pregnancy. It also goes over the meaning of the study- Knowing about which women are more likely to smoke, will help prevent it.

REFLECTION

Reflecting back on what groups of women are more likely to smoke are: Smoking couples (women who have husbands that smoke), young women that don’t understand how smoking can effect an unborn baby, single women of lower socioeconomic status, women with psychosocial factors(marital status and number of children), behavioral factors(weather or not a smoker stops smoking after learning of her pregnancy depends on the extent of her smoking habit), material/structural factors, and biological factors(higher smoking percentages is typically in the Caucasian population, as well as younger women are more likely to smoke during pregnancy). Also women who don’t intend to get pregnant, so they don’t know their pregnant for a while, and they smoke during that time.

Research Guild

RESEARCH GUILD - Smoking during pregnancy

1. What do you already know about your issue?

I know that this is a huge issue that many people are concerned about. You can not force a pregnant lady to not smoke. There are many health related problems for the mother and especially the baby from smoking while pregnant. I know that smoking while pregnant can lead to death of the baby.

2. What questions do you have about your issue?

Well I am wondering why, with all the information out there about smoking while pregnant, do women still smoke while their pregnant? Im wondering just how many babies have health issues because their mother smoked while she was pregnant. I'm wondering how many babies die each year because their mother smoked while pregnant?

3. Who is interested in this issue?

People who are interested could be everyone. I'm not pregnant, I don't smoke, and I've never known anyone who has smoked while their pregnant, but this issue still upsets me. Doctors, Parents of the mother, Father of the babies, family members of the mother smoking. All these people would be interested in this issue, if they knew someone was smoking while pregnant.

4. Where do people read, write, talk, or hear about this issue?

People can read write, talk, or hear about it on the internet. They can read about it in books. They can talk about it with almost anyone. You can talk to a doctor about it.

5. Where will you look to find your secondary sources?

I really don't know I was going to ask you for some suggestions???

6. Are you going to conduct primary research? IF so, where? How?

I want to, I might try talking to my doctor.

7. Create a timeline/schedule for completing your research.

My schedule is pretty full, and I have a lot to do always, but I want to get ahead, and be on top of this assignment. I want to be a couple steps ahead, and try to complete this assignment before the due dates.

Topic choice (5-10 questions)

Tara Link

Haley Stokes

English 1010

TOPIC CHOICE: Should Smoking have restrictions? Argument: Yes

1. Who does smoking effect?

2. How much money does the government make from selling cigarettes?

3. Is banning, or putting restrictions on cigarettes impeding our freedom?

4. What issues does smoking cigarettes cause?

5. What health problems are related to smoking?

6. What restrictions are impeding our freedom?

7. Who does smoking offend?

8, Does smoking at work effect your work?

9. What are the statistics of... (many different things)

10. How does (second hand) smoking effect people who don’t smoke?

ALSO FINISHED TUTORIALS

Self Evaluation

#1. Which aspect of your writing did you like most? and Why?

- The aspect that I like most in my writing is my voice, I think I always put my opinion in very, as well as expressing myself. I also liked that after you told us to be confident in our writing I was able to go through and change a bunch of things, and in doing that I did become more confident, and I thought my papers became much better.

#2. What do you consider to be a weakness? and Why?

- Well I have never been amazing at writing, I would have to say my greatest weakness is my spelling, because I've never been really good at it, and my confidence, meaning I don't have any, because Im more of a math person, I've never really liked writing papers. Going on with confidence,in my writing I do use a lot of "I think", or "I believe" like you said in class its not good in writing, and I need to be more confident in my writing, or fake it, because if I do then my writing will be even better. I also am not very good at organization in some cases, because it is all mixed up and jumps from one subject to another at times.

#3. What are your goals for the next assignment? and Why?

- My goals for the next assignment are to practice more on my organization, and development of my papers. As well as not making as many grammatical, or spelling mistakes. I am going to try and be more confidant in my writing as well. I am going to continue trying to do well on my voice and tone in my papers. I will work on getting less to none passive sentences. If I do meet all my goals then my papers will be much better, and I feel better about them as well.

#4. What grade do you deserve? and Why?

- All three of my papers are the best I've ever done. I worked hard on all of them, even if it doesn't seem that way. I listened to what all the peer reviews had to say and read all of your comments and took them all into consideration. I used what people said to change and make my papers better. All of my papers are the correct length, and I tried really hard to make my papers well organized. Putting them all together I would say "A" for all the effort I put into them, but "B" for how good they actually are, so I guess somewhere in between "B+" or "A-"