Annotated Bibliography 2

Tara Link

English 1010

Haley Stokes

April 1

Annotated Bibliography 2

Zanardo, Vincenzo, Silvia Nicolussi, Stefania Cavallin, Daniele Trevisanuto, Diego Faggian, Flaviano Favaro, Diebani Mario, and Angelo Barbato. "Effect of Maternal Smoking on Breast Milk Interleukin-1α, β-Endorphin, and Leptin Concentrations.." Environmental Health Perspectives . 113.10 (2005): 1410. Print.

SUMMARY

Breast milk helps babies with sudden infant death syndrome, protects against gastrointestinal, ear infection, and asthma. Breast milk helps fight against, and builds a defense against infectious agents. Very little is known of the mechanisms by which smoke might account for the reduced protective effect of breast milk. Cigarette smoke has 5000 different chemicals in it, including 70 carcinogens. Breast-feeding substantially increases absorption of nicotine compared with only environmental tobacco smoke when the mother smokes. Nicotine has received much attention because it is immunotoxic, triggering the immune system and altering the humoral and cellular immunity and the levels of certain cytokines and their receptors. They collected samples of milk everyday from nonsmokers, and smokers they had analyzed 164 milk samples collected from 82 mothers, 42 smokers, 40 nonsmokers. The birth weight of the newborn infants of smoker mothers was not significantly lower. Concentrations were significantly reduced in the colostrum of smoker compared with the nonsmoker control mothers. A lot substances like B-Endorphin, and Leptin found in non smoking breast milk was lower in smokers breast milk. We found no significant differences between smoker and nonsmoker lactating mothers in transitional milk concentrations of IL-1a, B-endorphin, and leptin, and they found no correlations between reduced IL-1a levels of the colostral milk samples and related immunomodulator B-endorphin and leptin levels.

REFLECTION

Well I for one did not expect these results to be. I thought that smoking while breast feeding would cause more problems and issues for the baby drinking the milk. I know that there are some issues that occur when breast feeding but I expected more. I do know that there are a lot of good things that non smokers breast milk can do, and smokers breast milk can’t do. Even though there is not much of a difference in non smokers, and smokers breast milk, A person still should not smoke while breast feeding.