Final Project (smoking while pregnant)

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Tara Link

Haley Stokes

English 1010

20 April

Pregnant Mothers Smoking

Smoking during pregnancy is a major risk for the unborn child, and can be very harmful as well. It can cause and lead to many health problems before and after birth. Some of these issues could stay with the child through out his/her whole life. Some important factors of smoking during pregnancy are: Group factors (what groups of women smoke during pregnancy), Health factors, and the amount of information, or knowledge there is on the subject. Correlations, not absolute prevalences, are of interest when it comes to identifying potential risk groups. Correlates for smoking during pregnancy can be grouped according to biological, material/structural, psychosocial and behavioral factors. Women of younger age, with a low social status, a large number of children, without a partner or with a partner who smokes, and deficient prenatal care, are more likely to smoke than women in the respective reference groups. Identifying these risk groups with an above-average prevalence of smoking during pregnancy gives us a key target population for preventive measures. (Schneider, Sven, and Jessica Schutz. "Who smokes during pregnancy? A systematic literature review of population-based surveys conducted in developed countries between 1997 and 2006.." European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 13.2 (2008): 138-147. Print.)

Biological factors: Very young women are more likely to smoke during pregnancy. (add stats or charts to help support this statement) In US studies, a higher smoking prevalence was

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found in the Caucasian population (compared with African-American) (Schneider, Sven, and Jessica Schutz. "Who smokes during pregnancy? A systematic literature review of population-based surveys conducted in developed countries between 1997 and 2006.." European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 13.2 (2008): 138-147. Print.)

Material/structural factors: Status indicators such as level of education, professional status and income indicators have been termed material/structural factors. Women with a college degree, higher income, and more assets are significantly less likely to smoke than individuals of lower status. (Schneider, Sven, and Jessica Schutz. "Who smokes during pregnancy? A systematic literature review of population-based surveys conducted in developed countries between 1997 and 2006.." European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 13.2 (2008): 138-147. Print.) In some cases women smoke during their pregnancy because they are uneducated about the harmful effects it could have on their baby. Some women don’t realize that by smoking it is hurting their unborn child, or that the unborn child may develop health problems after birth and later in life due to cigarette smoke. The older people are, the more likely they are to know about the harmfulness of smoking. Data from the UK show that only one pregnant smoker out of three knew that tobacco use can cause low birth weight and growth retardation. Four out of five non-smoking pregnant women knew. (Schneider, Sven, and Jessica Schutz. "Who smokes during pregnancy? A systematic literature review of population-based surveys conducted in developed countries between 1997 and 2006.." European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 13.2 (2008): 138-147. Print.)

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Psychosocial factors: The existence of a husband or another stable partner has a negative association with the probability of smoking during pregnancy, the number of children a women has correlates positively. (Schneider, Sven, and Jessica Schutz. "Who smokes during pregnancy? A systematic literature review of population-based surveys conducted in developed countries between 1997 and 2006.." European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 13.2 (2008): 138-147. Print.) Women who have smoked during previous pregnancies, and gave birth to healthy children despite the association to tobacco, are less likely to cease smoking during the current pregnancy.

Behavioral factors: Whether or not a smoker stops smoking after learning of her pregnancy also depends on the extent of her smoking habit. (Schneider, Sven, and Jessica Schutz. "Who smokes during pregnancy? A systematic literature review of population-based surveys conducted in developed countries between 1997 and 2006.." European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 13.2 (2008): 138-147. Print.) Quitting smoking can be very difficult for the mother. Cigarettes have very addicting agents in the them that hook the smoker. Nicotine, which is found in cigarettes is highly addictive. Smoking helps the smoker to relieve stress, and when they try to quit it they become very stressful, and moody. So even if a mother knows it is bad for her unborn child she may not be able to quit. Further, women who smoke during pregnancy are negligent in terms of prenatal care.

Women of younger age, with a low social status, a large number of children, without a partner, or with a partner who smokes, and deficient prenatal care are more likely to smoke than women in the respective reference groups. Smoking generates health risks for the smoker, and

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non-smokers. It presents a particular health risk for unborn children, at a particularly critical state in their development. A tobacco control policy is needed, and it should be focused on the above target groups.

The next important factor to discuss is health factors. What kind of health problems may the baby have because of a smoking mother? There are a lot of different situations, and in those situations different health problems occur. Cigarette smoke contains more than 2,500 chemicals. It is not known for certain which of these chemicals are harmful to the developing baby, but both nicotine and carbon monoxide play a role in causing adverse pregnancy outcomes. (http://www.marchofdimes.com/professionals/14332_1171.asp)

Cigarettes are among the non-medicinal drugs used most widely during pregnancy, especially in Wester cultures. Although the general population of smokers is declining pregnant women show the slowest rate of decline. Numerous studies report that maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy may have a harmful effect on fetal development. (Key, Alexandra et al. "Smoking during Pregnancy Affects Speech-Processing Ability in Newborn Infants.." Environmental Health Perspectives . 115.4 (2007): 623-628. Print.)

Low birth weight in newborns is the most consistently reported consequence of maternal smoking. Babies born weighting less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces are considered low birthweight. Smoking during pregnancy can harm the health of both a woman and her unborn baby. Currently, at least 10 percent of women in the United States smoke during pregnancy. Smoking nearly doubles a woman's risk of having a low-birthweight baby. In 2004, 11.9 percent of babies born to smokers in the United States were of low birthweight (less than 5½ pounds). Low birthweight

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can result from poor growth before birth, preterm delivery or a combination of both. Smoking has long been known to slow fetal growth. Smoking also increases the risk of preterm delivery (before 37 weeks of gestation) Premature and low-birthweight babies face an increased risk of serious health problems during the newborn period, chronic lifelong disabilities (such as cerebral palsy, mental retardation and learning problems), and even death. The more a pregnant woman smokes, the greater her risk of having a low-birthweight baby. However, if a woman stops smoking even by the end of her second trimester of pregnancy, she is no more likely to have a low-birthweight baby than a woman who never smoked. (http://www.marchofdimes.com/professionals/14332_1171.asp)

This is why it is so important to know the effects of tobacco on unborn babies. If women are knowledgeable about the effects tobacco could possibly have then they will most likely quit. My own sister had a hard time quitting when she was pregnant, but with the help and support of my family she was able to do it. Even if the mother has smoked though some of the pregnancy, it is always better to quit when you can, rather than continuing.

Prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke is also linked to various health, behavioral, and cognitive impairments. The Committee on Environmental Health noted increased incidents of asthma, respiratory infections, and middle ear effusions. Recently there was reported lower sociability/negative emotionality during infancy and increased likelihood of conduct disorders during childhood in boys and girls born to smoking mothers. Smoking during pregnancy has many bad health related outcomes. (Key, Alexandra et al. "Smoking during Pregnancy Affects

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Speech-Processing Ability in Newborn Infants.." Environmental Health Perspectives . 115.4 (2007): 623-628. Print.)

Some other health concerns for smoking while pregnant are: spontaneous abortions, ectopic pregnancies, other birth and delivery problems, fetal brain damage, growth retardation/low birth weight (Babies of smoking women average 6 oz. Less at birth than babies of nonsmoking women.), lower or higher than normal infant blood pressure (dep. on gestational age at birth), problems requiring neonatal intensive care, infant death from perinatal disorders; sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), cancer-causing agents in infants’ blood; potentially carcinogenic genetic mutations; and childhood leukemia, mental retardation, respiratory disorders during childhood, eye problems during childhood, Attention Deficit Disorder, other learning and developmental problems, behavioral problems even into the adolescent years, smoking during adolescence, and various adult health problems including obesity. (http://www.posihd.com/Smoking%20Related/Harmcausedbysmokingwhilepregnant.htm)

Asthma is the most well known and common affect of smoking while pregnant. There is an increased risk for children of developing childhood asthma. Asthma is of significant concern to healthcare providers and it is on the rise throughout the world. It plays a significant role in childhood hospitalizations and even death. Children having asthma restricts them from having normal lives. They have problems with daily activities, and it may restrict them from future sport playing, or dancing etc.

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There are many health related problems that can occur due to smoking while pregnant. This is why it is so important to educate people and get the news out about the effects of smoking on unborn babies. Unfortunately there is not a whole ton of information on the effects of smoking. If we could educate and have support groups for women who become pregnant I believe the number of women that do smoke during pregnancy would go down. We would have healthier babies, and our future generation would be healthier.

By knowing the risk groups of women who are more likely to smoke during pregnancy will help with preventative measures. We can identify these groups and help them, which in the long run will help future babies.

By helping a women stop smoking you are not only helping the baby but the mother as well. Smoking is harmful, and by quitting you are only doing good for your self and others. Imagine a world with out smoking. Imagine all the above health problems, not being problems anymore. What can we do to lessen the amount of women that smoke during pregnancy? How many lives would be changed?

Research paper (1st 2nd and 3rd draft combined)

Link 1

Tara Link

Haley Stokes

English 1010

20 April

Pregnant Mothers Smoking

Smoking during pregnancy is a major risk for the unborn child, and can be very harmful as well. It can cause and lead to many health problems before and after birth. Some of these issues could stay with the child through out his/her whole life. Some important factors of smoking during pregnancy are: Group factors (what groups of women smoke during pregnancy), Health factors, and the amount of information, or knowledge there is on the subject.

Correlations, not absolute prevalences, are of interest when it comes to identifying potential risk groups. Correlates for smoking during pregnancy can be grouped according to biological, material/structural, psychosocial and behavioral factors. Women of younger age, with a low social status, a large number of children, without a partner or with a partner who smokes, and deficient prenatal care, are more likely to smoke than women in the respective reference groups. Identifying these risk groups with an above-average prevalence of smoking during pregnancy gives us a key target population for preventive measures. (Schneider, Sven, and Jessica Schutz. "Who smokes during pregnancy? A systematic literature review of population-based surveys conducted in developed countries between 1997 and 2006.." European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 13.2 (2008): 138-147. Print.)

Biological factors: Very young women are more likely to smoke during pregnancy. (add stats or charts to help support this statement) In US studies, a higher smoking prevalence was

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found in the Caucasian population (compared with African-American) (Schneider, Sven, and Jessica Schutz. "Who smokes during pregnancy? A systematic literature review of population-based surveys conducted in developed countries between 1997 and 2006.." European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 13.2 (2008): 138-147. Print.)

Material/structural factors: Status indicators such as level of education, professional status and income indicators have been termed material/structural factors. Women with a college degree, higher income, and more assets are significantly less likely to smoke than individuals of lower status. (Schneider, Sven, and Jessica Schutz. "Who smokes during pregnancy? A systematic literature review of population-based surveys conducted in developed countries between 1997 and 2006.." European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 13.2 (2008): 138-147. Print.) In some cases women smoke during their pregnancy because they are uneducated about the harmful effects it could have on their baby. Some women don’t realize that by smoking it is hurting their unborn child, or that the unborn child may develop health problems after birth and later in life due to cigarette smoke. The older people are, the more likely they are to know about the harmfulness of smoking. Data from the UK show that only one pregnant smoker out of three knew that tobacco use can cause low birth weight and growth retardation. Four out of five non-smoking pregnant women knew. (Schneider, Sven, and Jessica Schutz. "Who smokes during pregnancy? A systematic literature review of population-based surveys conducted in developed countries between 1997 and 2006.." European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 13.2 (2008): 138-147. Print.)

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Psychosocial factors: The existence of a husband or another stable partner has a negative association with the probability of smoking during pregnancy, the number of children a women has correlates positively. (Schneider, Sven, and Jessica Schutz. "Who smokes during pregnancy? A systematic literature review of population-based surveys conducted in developed countries between 1997 and 2006.." European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 13.2 (2008): 138-147. Print.) Women who have smoked during previous pregnancies, and gave birth to healthy children despite the association to tobacco, are less likely to cease smoking during the current pregnancy.

Behavioral factors: Whether or not a smoker stops smoking after learning of her pregnancy also depends on the extent of her smoking habit. (Schneider, Sven, and Jessica Schutz. "Who smokes during pregnancy? A systematic literature review of population-based surveys conducted in developed countries between 1997 and 2006.." European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 13.2 (2008): 138-147. Print.) Quitting smoking can be very difficult for the mother. Cigarettes have very addicting agents in the them that hook the smoker. Nicotine, which is found in cigarettes is highly addictive. Smoking helps the smoker to relieve stress, and when they try to quit it they become very stressful, and moody. So even if a mother knows it is bad for her unborn child she may not be able to quit. Further, women who smoke during pregnancy are negligent in terms of prenatal care.

Women of younger age, with a low social status, a large number of children, without a partner, or with a partner who smokes, and deficient prenatal care are more likely to smoke than women in the respective reference groups. Smoking generates health risks for the smoker, and

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non-smokers. It presents a particular health risk for unborn children, at a particularly critical state in their development. A tobacco control policy is needed, and it should be focused on the above target groups.

The next important factor to discuss is health factors. What kind of health problems may the baby have because of a smoking mother? There are a lot of different situations, and in those situations different health problems occur. Cigarette smoke contains more than 2,500 chemicals. It is not known for certain which of these chemicals are harmful to the developing baby, but both nicotine and carbon monoxide play a role in causing adverse pregnancy outcomes. (http://www.marchofdimes.com/professionals/14332_1171.asp)

Cigarettes are among the non-medicinal drugs used most widely during pregnancy, especially in Wester cultures. Although the general population of smokers is declining pregnant women show the slowest rate of decline. Numerous studies report that maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy may have a harmful effect on fetal development. (Key, Alexandra et al. "Smoking during Pregnancy Affects Speech-Processing Ability in Newborn Infants.." Environmental Health Perspectives . 115.4 (2007): 623-628. Print.)

Low birth weight in newborns is the most consistently reported consequence of maternal smoking. Babies born weighting less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces are considered low birthweight. Smoking during pregnancy can harm the health of both a woman and her unborn baby. Currently, at least 10 percent of women in the United States smoke during pregnancy. Smoking nearly doubles a woman's risk of having a low-birthweight baby. In 2004, 11.9 percent of babies born to smokers in the United States were of low birthweight (less than 5½ pounds). Low birthweight

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can result from poor growth before birth, preterm delivery or a combination of both. Smoking has long been known to slow fetal growth. Smoking also increases the risk of preterm delivery (before 37 weeks of gestation) Premature and low-birthweight babies face an increased risk of serious health problems during the newborn period, chronic lifelong disabilities (such as cerebral palsy, mental retardation and learning problems), and even death. The more a pregnant woman smokes, the greater her risk of having a low-birthweight baby. However, if a woman stops smoking even by the end of her second trimester of pregnancy, she is no more likely to have a low-birthweight baby than a woman who never smoked. (http://www.marchofdimes.com/professionals/14332_1171.asp)

This is why it is so important to know the effects of tobacco on unborn babies. If women are knowledgeable about the effects tobacco could possibly have then they will most likely quit. My own sister had a hard time quitting when she was pregnant, but with the help and support of my family she was able to do it. Even if the mother has smoked though some of the pregnancy, it is always better to quit when you can, rather than continuing.

Prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke is also linked to various health, behavioral, and cognitive impairments. The Committee on Environmental Health noted increased incidents of asthma, respiratory infections, and middle ear effusions. Recently there was reported lower sociability/negative emotionality during infancy and increased likelihood of conduct disorders during childhood in boys and girls born to smoking mothers. Smoking during pregnancy has many bad health related outcomes. (Key, Alexandra et al. "Smoking during Pregnancy Affects Speech-Processing Ability in Newborn Infants.." Environmental Health Perspectives . 115.4 (2007): 623-628. Print.)

Multiple Perspectives Free write

Tara Link

Haley Stokes

English 1010

April 14

Multiple Perspectives Free Write

1. Point of view: Smoking is difficult to quit.

Quitting smoking can be very difficult and hard fot the mother. Cigarettes have very addicting agents in them that hook the smoker. Smoking helps the smoker to relieve stress and when they try to quit it becomes very stressful and all the person wants is a cigarette. Chewing gum does not always help either and neither do the patches, because it has been said that the hand motion you do when smoking triggers something in your brain, like when you are sad the action of smiling sends a message to your brain to release endorphins that make you happy, same idea with the hand motion in smoking. My father and mother have both struggled for many years trying to quit and they can usually quit for a couple months but then their back on them again. My father finally was able to beat the addiction of cigarettes by family support and by using suckers. Every time he had the urge to smoke a cigarette he would get out one of his suckers and suck on that to keep him busy and keep his mind off cigarettes. Although he was able to beat his addiction the journey was not easy, during the whole process he was unhappy and stressed, he was not pleasant to be around. So even when you have smoking mothers who know it bad for the baby, its not easy for them to quit smoking. No one who is not a smoker could possibly know how hard it really is to quit. This is why some mothers smoke while their pregnant, they are not able to beat their addiction to cigarettes.

2. Point of view: Smoking during pregnancy is bad for the baby.

Babies with smoking mothers are most likely going to get asthma which can affect a lot of things in their life. Babies can have language development problems as well as central nervous system problems. Women who know that smoking is wrong and know it can hut their babies by doing it, but continue to smoke anyways are 100% responsible for what ever problems/issues, or defects the child might bet because of smoking. Smoking is harmful for not only the baby but the mother too, so why not quit!? Smoking restricts the amount of oxygen the baby receives while in the womb. There have been some cases where the child has died because of the mother smoking. There have also been some cases where the child became addicted to cigarettes and after they are born they still want that nicotine drug. Some children whose mothers smoked with them when they were babies may become addicted to cigarettes too and at a young age. There are so many things that happen or could happen to babies because of mothers who smoke. We need to start educating people more about the affects of cigarette smoke on unborn babies.

3. Point of view: Smoking during pregnancy is not bad for the baby.

Smoking during pregnancy is not that bad for the baby. It is not as bad as drinking alcohol during pregnancy. There are not as many bad affects. So what the baby might get asthma, that is not that bad, now days there are medications people can take for asthma. The chances of the baby have central nervous development problems are rare, and not worth quitting over. If the child develops a language problem then you only have to get them help or put them in special classes. The chances of the baby dying because of smoking cigarettes is also rare, and nothing to really worry about. If the child has problems because of cigarettes it is not too much to worry about their is a lot of help and things people can do now days to reverse or help fix the problem. There is not too much research out there about smoking while pregnant, the only reason that must be is because there is not too many bad things related to smoking while pregnant.

Student Choice 3

Tara Link

English 1010

Haley Stokes

April 14

Student Choice

(outline of topic)

1. Thesis- Smoking during pregnancy can be very harmful and disruptive for the unborn baby. It can cause many health problems after birth and in later life.

-smoking is known to adversely affect development of the central nervous system maternal smoking is related with lower verbal scores and poorer performance on specific language/auditory tests.

-It can lead to asthma in the baby.

-stats and charts on babies language development, or other affects of smoking

How would not smoking during pregnancy help the baby and mother?

2. First I will talk about what kind of women smoke during pregnancy- knowing this can help to prevent those certain women from smoking while pregnant. I’ll explain more about who smokes during pregnancy and why they are more likely to smoke during pregnancy.

3. Then I will talk about all the different health problems associated with smoking during pregnancy.

4. I will give statistics and charts on the this topic.

-How many babies die because of smoking mothers?

-How many get asthma because of smoking mothers?

-How many have language or central nervous system development issues because of smoking mothers?

5. Give a conclusion about the topic and kinda show my argument about the topic in the end.

Student Choice 2

Tara Link

Haley Stokes

English 1010

April 14

Student Choice

(Free writing)

Smoking during pregnancy is harmful for the baby in many different ways. Smoking while pregnant can affect different babies in different ways. In some cases there is no bad affects on the baby, but that is not always certain. A lot of babies get asthma, which can affect their life in many different ways. Some children even become addicted to cigarettes at a young age because their mothers smoked while pregnant. Smoking while pregnant can affect speech-processing ability in newborn infants, smoking is known to adversely affect development of the central nervous system. Maternal smoking is also associated with lower verbal scores and poorer performance on specific language/auditory tests. Some women who are smokers aren’t able to quite because they don’t have a support system, or their spouse or boyfriend is a smoker and does not support or quite smoking either. A lot of women are not educated in the affects of smoking on their unborn baby. It is very important to get the news out about the harmful affects of smoking on babies. If the news is out about it and young mothers understand the risks then I believe the number of mothers who smoke would go down.

Student Choice 1

Tara Link

Haley Stokes

English 1010

April 7th

Student Choice

QUESTIONS ABOUT MY ISSUE

1. What are the health risks for the mom who’s smoking while pregnant?

2. What are the health risks for the baby?

3. What is the difference between babies with non-smoking mothers, and babies with smoking mothers?

4. What long term health issues do babies have?

5. How many different health issues are there related to smoking while pregnant?

6. Statistically how many women smoke while pregnant?

7. What makes it hard for pregnant women to quite smoking?

8. How many babies die because their mothers smoked while pregnant?

9. How many if any babies become addicted to cigarettes because their mothers smoked while pregnant with them?

10. How many mothers and babies die from cigarette related deaths?

Annotated Bibliography 5

Tara Link

Haley Stokes

English 1010

April 7th

Annotated Bibliography 5

"The Exposure of Nonsmoking and Smoking Mothers to Environmental Tobacco Smoke during Different Gestational Phases and Fetal Growth.." Environmental Health Perspectives . 110.6 (2002): 601. Print.

SUMMARY

Examines the impact of maternal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke on birth weight (BW), low birth weight and intrauterine growth retardation. Categories of smoking habits; Use of multiple regression and logistic regression procedures; Reduction in the mean BW of infants in active smoking mothers.

REFLECTION

Exposure to tobacco is causally associated with health problems like cardiovascular and respitory illness, including lung cancer. The impact of passive smoking on other reproductive outcomes is less clear; an elevated risk of spontaneous abortion and sudden infant death syndrome as well as impaired female and male fertility.

Annotated Bibliography 4

Tara Link

Haley Stokes

English 1010

April 7th

Annotated Bibliography 4

Key, Alexandra, Melissa Ferguson, Denis Molfese, Kelley Peach, Victoria Molfese, and Casey Lehman. "Smoking during Pregnancy Affects Speech-Processing Ability in Newborn Infants.." Environmental Health Perspectives . 115.4 (2007): 623-628. Print.

SUMMARY

Cigarettes are among the non-medicinal drugs used most widely during pregnancy, especially in Wester cultures. Although the general population of smokers is declining pregnant women show the slowest rate of decline. Numerous studies report that maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy may have a harmful effect on fetal development. Low birth weight in newborns is the most consistently reported consequence of maternal smoking. Prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke is also linked to various health, behavioral, and cognitive impairments. The Committee on Environmental Health noted increased incidents of asthma, respiratory infections, and middle ear effusions. Recently there was reported lower sociability/negative emotionality during infancy and increased likelihood of conduct disorders during childhood in boys and girls born to smoking mothers. Smoking during pregnancy has many bad health related outcomes.

REFLECTION

Tobacco smoking during pregnancy is known to adversely affect development of the central nervous system in babies of smoking mothers by restricting utero--placental blood flow and the amount of oxygen available to the fetus. Behavioral data associate maternal smoking with lower verbal scores and poorer performance on specific language/auditory tests. They ran some test on both babies whose mothers smoked and babies who mothers were non smokers and the results were: Brainwaves of babies of nonsmoking mothers were characterized by typical hemisphere asymmetries, with larger amplitudes over the left hemisphere, especially over temporal regions. Further, infants of nonsmokers discriminated among a greater number of syllables whereas the newborns of smokers began the discrimination process at least 150 msec later and differentiated among fewer stimuli. CONCLUSIONS: There findings indicate that prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke in otherwise healthy babies is linked with significant changes in brain physiology associated with basic perceptual skills that could place the infant at risk for later developmental problems.

Annotated Bibliography 3

Tara Link

English 1010

Haley Stokes

April 1

Annotated Bibliography 3

Windham, Gayle, Patrick Mitchell, Meredith Anderson, Bill Lasely, and . "Cigarette Smoking and Effects on Hormone Function in Premenopausal Women.." Environmental Health Perspectives . 113.10 (2005): 1285. Print.

SUMMARY

Cigarettes contain compounds that are suspected to cause reproductive problems and possible affect hormone activity. Cigarette smoke contains known reproductive toxicants, and smoking has been associated with adverse reproductive outcomes in women such as infertility. Smokers have different menstrual cycles than those of non smokers. Wanted to know if smoking may exert some of its deleterious effects via an endocrine mechanism. They are interested in measuring whether estrogen excretion appeared reduced and identifying at what level such an effect may occur. Smokers are less likely to have a college education. Compared with non smokers, smokers are less educated, more likely to be of another race other than asian or white, drank more alcohol, caffeinated beverages, and are more likely to get pregnant and smoke while pregnant.

REFLECTION

It was all really interesting, and I learned that smoking affects your bowel movements, and urine, as well as women’s menstrual periods. If a women is trying to get pregnant and she’s a smoker she could have a harder time getting pregnant than a women who is a non smoker. Also that smoking effects your estrogen levels. Smoking while pregnant also has hormone effects on the baby, and people who smoke are usually of different races not white or asian. Asians not being a main race of smoking doesn’t really surprise me, but white people does surprise me, I thought for sure there would be more white people as smokers, than other races. It doesn’t surprise me that smokers are less educated, and more likely to drink more alcohol.

Annotated Bibliography 2

Tara Link

English 1010

Haley Stokes

April 1

Annotated Bibliography 2

Zanardo, Vincenzo, Silvia Nicolussi, Stefania Cavallin, Daniele Trevisanuto, Diego Faggian, Flaviano Favaro, Diebani Mario, and Angelo Barbato. "Effect of Maternal Smoking on Breast Milk Interleukin-1α, β-Endorphin, and Leptin Concentrations.." Environmental Health Perspectives . 113.10 (2005): 1410. Print.

SUMMARY

Breast milk helps babies with sudden infant death syndrome, protects against gastrointestinal, ear infection, and asthma. Breast milk helps fight against, and builds a defense against infectious agents. Very little is known of the mechanisms by which smoke might account for the reduced protective effect of breast milk. Cigarette smoke has 5000 different chemicals in it, including 70 carcinogens. Breast-feeding substantially increases absorption of nicotine compared with only environmental tobacco smoke when the mother smokes. Nicotine has received much attention because it is immunotoxic, triggering the immune system and altering the humoral and cellular immunity and the levels of certain cytokines and their receptors. They collected samples of milk everyday from nonsmokers, and smokers they had analyzed 164 milk samples collected from 82 mothers, 42 smokers, 40 nonsmokers. The birth weight of the newborn infants of smoker mothers was not significantly lower. Concentrations were significantly reduced in the colostrum of smoker compared with the nonsmoker control mothers. A lot substances like B-Endorphin, and Leptin found in non smoking breast milk was lower in smokers breast milk. We found no significant differences between smoker and nonsmoker lactating mothers in transitional milk concentrations of IL-1a, B-endorphin, and leptin, and they found no correlations between reduced IL-1a levels of the colostral milk samples and related immunomodulator B-endorphin and leptin levels.

REFLECTION

Well I for one did not expect these results to be. I thought that smoking while breast feeding would cause more problems and issues for the baby drinking the milk. I know that there are some issues that occur when breast feeding but I expected more. I do know that there are a lot of good things that non smokers breast milk can do, and smokers breast milk can’t do. Even though there is not much of a difference in non smokers, and smokers breast milk, A person still should not smoke while breast feeding.

Annotated Bibliography 1

Tara Link

English 1010

Haley Stokes

Annotated Bibliography Entry 1

SOURCE

Schneider, Sven, and Jessica Schutz. "Who smokes during pregnancy? A systematic literature review of population-based surveys conducted in developed countries between 1997 and 2006.." European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 13.2 (2008): 138-147. Print.

SUMMARY

This article was about what kind of women smoke during pregnancy. This study identified risk groups with an above-average prevalence of smoking during pregnancy.

This article went over each and every group of women that are more likely to smoke during pregnancy. It also goes over the meaning of the study- Knowing about which women are more likely to smoke, will help prevent it.

REFLECTION

Reflecting back on what groups of women are more likely to smoke are: Smoking couples (women who have husbands that smoke), young women that don’t understand how smoking can effect an unborn baby, single women of lower socioeconomic status, women with psychosocial factors(marital status and number of children), behavioral factors(weather or not a smoker stops smoking after learning of her pregnancy depends on the extent of her smoking habit), material/structural factors, and biological factors(higher smoking percentages is typically in the Caucasian population, as well as younger women are more likely to smoke during pregnancy). Also women who don’t intend to get pregnant, so they don’t know their pregnant for a while, and they smoke during that time.

Research Guild

RESEARCH GUILD - Smoking during pregnancy

1. What do you already know about your issue?

I know that this is a huge issue that many people are concerned about. You can not force a pregnant lady to not smoke. There are many health related problems for the mother and especially the baby from smoking while pregnant. I know that smoking while pregnant can lead to death of the baby.

2. What questions do you have about your issue?

Well I am wondering why, with all the information out there about smoking while pregnant, do women still smoke while their pregnant? Im wondering just how many babies have health issues because their mother smoked while she was pregnant. I'm wondering how many babies die each year because their mother smoked while pregnant?

3. Who is interested in this issue?

People who are interested could be everyone. I'm not pregnant, I don't smoke, and I've never known anyone who has smoked while their pregnant, but this issue still upsets me. Doctors, Parents of the mother, Father of the babies, family members of the mother smoking. All these people would be interested in this issue, if they knew someone was smoking while pregnant.

4. Where do people read, write, talk, or hear about this issue?

People can read write, talk, or hear about it on the internet. They can read about it in books. They can talk about it with almost anyone. You can talk to a doctor about it.

5. Where will you look to find your secondary sources?

I really don't know I was going to ask you for some suggestions???

6. Are you going to conduct primary research? IF so, where? How?

I want to, I might try talking to my doctor.

7. Create a timeline/schedule for completing your research.

My schedule is pretty full, and I have a lot to do always, but I want to get ahead, and be on top of this assignment. I want to be a couple steps ahead, and try to complete this assignment before the due dates.

Topic choice (5-10 questions)

Tara Link

Haley Stokes

English 1010

TOPIC CHOICE: Should Smoking have restrictions? Argument: Yes

1. Who does smoking effect?

2. How much money does the government make from selling cigarettes?

3. Is banning, or putting restrictions on cigarettes impeding our freedom?

4. What issues does smoking cigarettes cause?

5. What health problems are related to smoking?

6. What restrictions are impeding our freedom?

7. Who does smoking offend?

8, Does smoking at work effect your work?

9. What are the statistics of... (many different things)

10. How does (second hand) smoking effect people who don’t smoke?

ALSO FINISHED TUTORIALS

Self Evaluation

#1. Which aspect of your writing did you like most? and Why?

- The aspect that I like most in my writing is my voice, I think I always put my opinion in very, as well as expressing myself. I also liked that after you told us to be confident in our writing I was able to go through and change a bunch of things, and in doing that I did become more confident, and I thought my papers became much better.

#2. What do you consider to be a weakness? and Why?

- Well I have never been amazing at writing, I would have to say my greatest weakness is my spelling, because I've never been really good at it, and my confidence, meaning I don't have any, because Im more of a math person, I've never really liked writing papers. Going on with confidence,in my writing I do use a lot of "I think", or "I believe" like you said in class its not good in writing, and I need to be more confident in my writing, or fake it, because if I do then my writing will be even better. I also am not very good at organization in some cases, because it is all mixed up and jumps from one subject to another at times.

#3. What are your goals for the next assignment? and Why?

- My goals for the next assignment are to practice more on my organization, and development of my papers. As well as not making as many grammatical, or spelling mistakes. I am going to try and be more confidant in my writing as well. I am going to continue trying to do well on my voice and tone in my papers. I will work on getting less to none passive sentences. If I do meet all my goals then my papers will be much better, and I feel better about them as well.

#4. What grade do you deserve? and Why?

- All three of my papers are the best I've ever done. I worked hard on all of them, even if it doesn't seem that way. I listened to what all the peer reviews had to say and read all of your comments and took them all into consideration. I used what people said to change and make my papers better. All of my papers are the correct length, and I tried really hard to make my papers well organized. Putting them all together I would say "A" for all the effort I put into them, but "B" for how good they actually are, so I guess somewhere in between "B+" or "A-"

Final Assignment (portfolio) Reflection Paper

Link 1

Tara Link

English 1010

Haley Stokes

24 January

Close Call

It was in the middle of winter on a Friday night when my friends Kalie, Erin, Ashley, and I decided to have a sleepover at Haley’s house. Having a sleepover is the best way to cause lots of trouble, which we were good at. We all decided that we wanted to go toilet papering that night. Haley’s three little brothers Dane, Dillian, and Brennon offered to pay for the toilet paper if we just let them come with us. We thought this was a good idea so they came along.

The next thing to do was decide who we wanted to toilet paper. We were all sitting around laughing and planning who our victims would be. We finally decided on three people that we all wanted to do. The first was another friend of ours who we all liked to pick on a ton. The second was a boy that my friend Haley thought was cute. The third person we decided to toilet paper lived just down the street from Haley.

We decided on the third persons house, because it was huge and had lots of tree’s and bushes. Sadly enough, they were always getting toilet papered, and the last group of kids that tried to toilet paper them got caught. So it would be kind of a challenge for us to accomplish the job with out getting caught. But we were all hyped up, excited, and full of adrenaline so we took the challenge.

Link 2

We all went to the basement and pretended to be asleep so that we could sneak out. Sneaking out was a thrill in it self, the butterflies I get in my stomach before I do something exciting, and scary is the best feeling. The second we were out of the house the chill of the air caught my breath, and looking around you could see all the white fog coming from our mouths. The smell was fresh and crisp, we were pumped and ready to go. We went and did the first and second house and we did a great job. It looked like it had snowed on their entire yard and house. We destroyed their houses and still had a lot of toilet paper left. Just one more house to go before heading back for home. The house that would be the most exciting, the most challenging, and definitely the most thrilling.

Finally we were on our third and final house. I couldn’t wait to get started. I love the feel of throwing the toilet paper up in the air over a tree, and hearing the light rustle as it falls back to the ground. We were just about out of toilet paper, because it was all over their trees and everything else in their yard, when a car pulled up and shined their lights on us and honked a few times. My stomach just about jumped up my throat, as my heart started to race. We just thought that they were trying to scare us so we all just hid quickly. My friend haley rolled under a car, while I jumped behind a bush. My friend Erin on the other hand just stood there shaking saying “what do I do? what do I do?”. She eventually hid behind the a bush by me. After about five minutes had passed the car was still there. We started to get scared and we knew we had to get out of there. We were all signaling and whispering to each other and we finally decided to go through backyards and make our way back to Haley’s house. We all finally got back and we were all so happy and excited because we had actually gotten away, we had done it. Then our hearts sank when we realized we had locked ourselves out when we snuck out earlier.

Link 3

We didn’t know what we were going to do but we were all grateful that we got away from that car. We were all sitting in the backyard thinking of ways to get inside without getting caught when the car drove by and saw us. The car then turned around and shined their lights on us again. We all hid quickly again. We didn’t know what to do but we didn’t like that car. We started to make snowballs and we threw them at the car. While we were throwing snowballs we could hear sirens. They had called the cops on us. At that point I’m pretty sure all my friends could hear my heart beat quicken. Right then we could see the red and blue lights and thats when we really freaked out. We were locked out and we didn’t know what to do.

We finally decided at the last moment to try to stuff Haley’s little brother through the little doggy door that they had. We had to all push on his feet as hard as we could and he finally slid through. We got inside just before the police pulled up. We were watching from the windows to find out what was going on. The police were wandering all around the house with their flashlights looking for us, and yet I wasn’t scared anymore, I was excited, and relieved. After almost ten minutes of searching they rang the door bell. We all ran down to the basement and pretended to be asleep immediately. Haley’s mother woke up to the doorbell and answered the door.

Link 4

The police officer had found some of the toilet paper that we had left behind and asked her “Is this your brand Ma’am.” Once she was out of shock she answered him “I don’t think so. Why?” He then asked if we were all sleeping over and she told him we were. Then she came down stairs to check on us and see if we were asleep. She told the officers that we were all asleep. As soon as the cops left we all came up laughing. Her mom found out later that morning that it was us but to our surprise she wasn’t angry.

My friends and I used to always get into trouble but we were just kids trying to have some fun. Our friendship grew stronger and we gained more trust between each other during our close calls. We did everything together and we will always be close friends because of all of the times we have had together.

Final Assignment (portfolio) Observation Paper

Link 1

Tara Link

English 1010

Haley Stokes

12 March

Taco Bell

Its a Saturday night and like always my husband,Riley, is working. He is a shift manager at Taco Bell on Saturday and Sunday nights. I decided that for my observation I would visit him and observe everything that goes on at Taco Bell. I wanted to know what kind of people go there, especially past mid night.

I got to Taco Bell at around 7, it was way busy. It was going to be a great night to observe. There were a total of four employees working that night. My husband, an older lady named Angela, and two teenagers, Oscar and Brad. It was Angela’s second day so Riley was really helping her and still training her. Brad and Oscar were both making the food while Riley was training Angela to take orders.

I wasn’t able to observe the drive-thru very well, so I mostly just sat in the lobby and observed. At around 8 an older man came in and went straight to the restroom. He then came into the restaurant and ordered a few items. After that he went to his table and sat by himself, started to read a book, and eat. I looked away and started to observe the other customers that were in the lobby. I looked back at him ten minutes later and he was completely passed out on the table. His drink was spilled, so he was lying face down in his soda with a half eaten taco right under his face. I was super shocked by this, I ran to get my husband Riley. He came out and tried to wake the man up, he didn’t move. Riley was really busy so he just decided to let him be for a little while.

Link 2

After it had finally slowed down, Riley went back out to the lobby to try to wake the older man up again. He shook him once, twice, then three times, before he finally stirred. He woke with a jolt, and looked extremely confused. Riley then told him that he needed to leave, because he could not keep sleeping in the lobby. The old man got up asked if he could refill his drink, and then he left stumbling the entire way out.

The next people that made an impression on me was this huge family with about 6 kids. I tried counting but they were all running around the store acting crazy. They ordered over $60 of food. Surprisingly it didn’t take too long for them to get all of their food. The parents didn’t do anything. All of the kids were just sitting at different tables and eating very sloppily. There was food falling out of their tacos everywhere, and they were throwing food at each other. They had napkins, and hot sauce packets everywhere, on the tables, and the floors. They were there for about 45 minutes before finally leaving. When they left the whole lobby was completely destroyed. Riley was so happy that they finally left.

After this crazy family left I decided to go behind the counter and listen in on the head phones, where you can hear people ordering their food. I can say it would be very difficult to do fast food, because of the wind, and the cars driving by it can be very hard to hear sometimes. The drive-thru was busy all night long. There was hardly ever a break in the cars. The workers had no time at all for any breaks, they were just trying to keep up with all of the massive orders they were receiving. Then Lobby was closed and locked by 12:00 am. but that doesn’t mean the drive-thru stops. It was really busy all night. The best part of the night was when a man drove through the drive thru, got to the window, and then said

“uh..never mind I don’t want my food anymore.”

Link 3

He then put his car in reverse and backed up, hitting the car behind him pretty good. I could see and hear the whole thing happen. The guy that got hit then got out of the car threw his hands in the air and said

“ What the fuck man, seriously who goes in reverse in a drive-thru?”

The other man was then yelling back in a panicked voice

“Calm down man, calm down.”

You may not think this is funny, especially for the two men in the accident, but I on the other hand was busting up laughing. I could hardly catch my breath.

It was a very interesting night at Taco bell, it may be sad to say this but I think I may go hang out there more often. By the end of the night all the employees were super tired, and were very grateful to finally be going home