Final Project (smoking while pregnant)

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Tara Link

Haley Stokes

English 1010

20 April

Pregnant Mothers Smoking

Smoking during pregnancy is a major risk for the unborn child, and can be very harmful as well. It can cause and lead to many health problems before and after birth. Some of these issues could stay with the child through out his/her whole life. Some important factors of smoking during pregnancy are: Group factors (what groups of women smoke during pregnancy), Health factors, and the amount of information, or knowledge there is on the subject. Correlations, not absolute prevalences, are of interest when it comes to identifying potential risk groups. Correlates for smoking during pregnancy can be grouped according to biological, material/structural, psychosocial and behavioral factors. Women of younger age, with a low social status, a large number of children, without a partner or with a partner who smokes, and deficient prenatal care, are more likely to smoke than women in the respective reference groups. Identifying these risk groups with an above-average prevalence of smoking during pregnancy gives us a key target population for preventive measures. (Schneider, Sven, and Jessica Schutz. "Who smokes during pregnancy? A systematic literature review of population-based surveys conducted in developed countries between 1997 and 2006.." European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 13.2 (2008): 138-147. Print.)

Biological factors: Very young women are more likely to smoke during pregnancy. (add stats or charts to help support this statement) In US studies, a higher smoking prevalence was

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found in the Caucasian population (compared with African-American) (Schneider, Sven, and Jessica Schutz. "Who smokes during pregnancy? A systematic literature review of population-based surveys conducted in developed countries between 1997 and 2006.." European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 13.2 (2008): 138-147. Print.)

Material/structural factors: Status indicators such as level of education, professional status and income indicators have been termed material/structural factors. Women with a college degree, higher income, and more assets are significantly less likely to smoke than individuals of lower status. (Schneider, Sven, and Jessica Schutz. "Who smokes during pregnancy? A systematic literature review of population-based surveys conducted in developed countries between 1997 and 2006.." European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 13.2 (2008): 138-147. Print.) In some cases women smoke during their pregnancy because they are uneducated about the harmful effects it could have on their baby. Some women don’t realize that by smoking it is hurting their unborn child, or that the unborn child may develop health problems after birth and later in life due to cigarette smoke. The older people are, the more likely they are to know about the harmfulness of smoking. Data from the UK show that only one pregnant smoker out of three knew that tobacco use can cause low birth weight and growth retardation. Four out of five non-smoking pregnant women knew. (Schneider, Sven, and Jessica Schutz. "Who smokes during pregnancy? A systematic literature review of population-based surveys conducted in developed countries between 1997 and 2006.." European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 13.2 (2008): 138-147. Print.)

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Psychosocial factors: The existence of a husband or another stable partner has a negative association with the probability of smoking during pregnancy, the number of children a women has correlates positively. (Schneider, Sven, and Jessica Schutz. "Who smokes during pregnancy? A systematic literature review of population-based surveys conducted in developed countries between 1997 and 2006.." European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 13.2 (2008): 138-147. Print.) Women who have smoked during previous pregnancies, and gave birth to healthy children despite the association to tobacco, are less likely to cease smoking during the current pregnancy.

Behavioral factors: Whether or not a smoker stops smoking after learning of her pregnancy also depends on the extent of her smoking habit. (Schneider, Sven, and Jessica Schutz. "Who smokes during pregnancy? A systematic literature review of population-based surveys conducted in developed countries between 1997 and 2006.." European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 13.2 (2008): 138-147. Print.) Quitting smoking can be very difficult for the mother. Cigarettes have very addicting agents in the them that hook the smoker. Nicotine, which is found in cigarettes is highly addictive. Smoking helps the smoker to relieve stress, and when they try to quit it they become very stressful, and moody. So even if a mother knows it is bad for her unborn child she may not be able to quit. Further, women who smoke during pregnancy are negligent in terms of prenatal care.

Women of younger age, with a low social status, a large number of children, without a partner, or with a partner who smokes, and deficient prenatal care are more likely to smoke than women in the respective reference groups. Smoking generates health risks for the smoker, and

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non-smokers. It presents a particular health risk for unborn children, at a particularly critical state in their development. A tobacco control policy is needed, and it should be focused on the above target groups.

The next important factor to discuss is health factors. What kind of health problems may the baby have because of a smoking mother? There are a lot of different situations, and in those situations different health problems occur. Cigarette smoke contains more than 2,500 chemicals. It is not known for certain which of these chemicals are harmful to the developing baby, but both nicotine and carbon monoxide play a role in causing adverse pregnancy outcomes. (http://www.marchofdimes.com/professionals/14332_1171.asp)

Cigarettes are among the non-medicinal drugs used most widely during pregnancy, especially in Wester cultures. Although the general population of smokers is declining pregnant women show the slowest rate of decline. Numerous studies report that maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy may have a harmful effect on fetal development. (Key, Alexandra et al. "Smoking during Pregnancy Affects Speech-Processing Ability in Newborn Infants.." Environmental Health Perspectives . 115.4 (2007): 623-628. Print.)

Low birth weight in newborns is the most consistently reported consequence of maternal smoking. Babies born weighting less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces are considered low birthweight. Smoking during pregnancy can harm the health of both a woman and her unborn baby. Currently, at least 10 percent of women in the United States smoke during pregnancy. Smoking nearly doubles a woman's risk of having a low-birthweight baby. In 2004, 11.9 percent of babies born to smokers in the United States were of low birthweight (less than 5½ pounds). Low birthweight

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can result from poor growth before birth, preterm delivery or a combination of both. Smoking has long been known to slow fetal growth. Smoking also increases the risk of preterm delivery (before 37 weeks of gestation) Premature and low-birthweight babies face an increased risk of serious health problems during the newborn period, chronic lifelong disabilities (such as cerebral palsy, mental retardation and learning problems), and even death. The more a pregnant woman smokes, the greater her risk of having a low-birthweight baby. However, if a woman stops smoking even by the end of her second trimester of pregnancy, she is no more likely to have a low-birthweight baby than a woman who never smoked. (http://www.marchofdimes.com/professionals/14332_1171.asp)

This is why it is so important to know the effects of tobacco on unborn babies. If women are knowledgeable about the effects tobacco could possibly have then they will most likely quit. My own sister had a hard time quitting when she was pregnant, but with the help and support of my family she was able to do it. Even if the mother has smoked though some of the pregnancy, it is always better to quit when you can, rather than continuing.

Prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke is also linked to various health, behavioral, and cognitive impairments. The Committee on Environmental Health noted increased incidents of asthma, respiratory infections, and middle ear effusions. Recently there was reported lower sociability/negative emotionality during infancy and increased likelihood of conduct disorders during childhood in boys and girls born to smoking mothers. Smoking during pregnancy has many bad health related outcomes. (Key, Alexandra et al. "Smoking during Pregnancy Affects

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Speech-Processing Ability in Newborn Infants.." Environmental Health Perspectives . 115.4 (2007): 623-628. Print.)

Some other health concerns for smoking while pregnant are: spontaneous abortions, ectopic pregnancies, other birth and delivery problems, fetal brain damage, growth retardation/low birth weight (Babies of smoking women average 6 oz. Less at birth than babies of nonsmoking women.), lower or higher than normal infant blood pressure (dep. on gestational age at birth), problems requiring neonatal intensive care, infant death from perinatal disorders; sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), cancer-causing agents in infants’ blood; potentially carcinogenic genetic mutations; and childhood leukemia, mental retardation, respiratory disorders during childhood, eye problems during childhood, Attention Deficit Disorder, other learning and developmental problems, behavioral problems even into the adolescent years, smoking during adolescence, and various adult health problems including obesity. (http://www.posihd.com/Smoking%20Related/Harmcausedbysmokingwhilepregnant.htm)

Asthma is the most well known and common affect of smoking while pregnant. There is an increased risk for children of developing childhood asthma. Asthma is of significant concern to healthcare providers and it is on the rise throughout the world. It plays a significant role in childhood hospitalizations and even death. Children having asthma restricts them from having normal lives. They have problems with daily activities, and it may restrict them from future sport playing, or dancing etc.

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There are many health related problems that can occur due to smoking while pregnant. This is why it is so important to educate people and get the news out about the effects of smoking on unborn babies. Unfortunately there is not a whole ton of information on the effects of smoking. If we could educate and have support groups for women who become pregnant I believe the number of women that do smoke during pregnancy would go down. We would have healthier babies, and our future generation would be healthier.

By knowing the risk groups of women who are more likely to smoke during pregnancy will help with preventative measures. We can identify these groups and help them, which in the long run will help future babies.

By helping a women stop smoking you are not only helping the baby but the mother as well. Smoking is harmful, and by quitting you are only doing good for your self and others. Imagine a world with out smoking. Imagine all the above health problems, not being problems anymore. What can we do to lessen the amount of women that smoke during pregnancy? How many lives would be changed?

Research paper (1st 2nd and 3rd draft combined)

Link 1

Tara Link

Haley Stokes

English 1010

20 April

Pregnant Mothers Smoking

Smoking during pregnancy is a major risk for the unborn child, and can be very harmful as well. It can cause and lead to many health problems before and after birth. Some of these issues could stay with the child through out his/her whole life. Some important factors of smoking during pregnancy are: Group factors (what groups of women smoke during pregnancy), Health factors, and the amount of information, or knowledge there is on the subject.

Correlations, not absolute prevalences, are of interest when it comes to identifying potential risk groups. Correlates for smoking during pregnancy can be grouped according to biological, material/structural, psychosocial and behavioral factors. Women of younger age, with a low social status, a large number of children, without a partner or with a partner who smokes, and deficient prenatal care, are more likely to smoke than women in the respective reference groups. Identifying these risk groups with an above-average prevalence of smoking during pregnancy gives us a key target population for preventive measures. (Schneider, Sven, and Jessica Schutz. "Who smokes during pregnancy? A systematic literature review of population-based surveys conducted in developed countries between 1997 and 2006.." European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 13.2 (2008): 138-147. Print.)

Biological factors: Very young women are more likely to smoke during pregnancy. (add stats or charts to help support this statement) In US studies, a higher smoking prevalence was

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found in the Caucasian population (compared with African-American) (Schneider, Sven, and Jessica Schutz. "Who smokes during pregnancy? A systematic literature review of population-based surveys conducted in developed countries between 1997 and 2006.." European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 13.2 (2008): 138-147. Print.)

Material/structural factors: Status indicators such as level of education, professional status and income indicators have been termed material/structural factors. Women with a college degree, higher income, and more assets are significantly less likely to smoke than individuals of lower status. (Schneider, Sven, and Jessica Schutz. "Who smokes during pregnancy? A systematic literature review of population-based surveys conducted in developed countries between 1997 and 2006.." European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 13.2 (2008): 138-147. Print.) In some cases women smoke during their pregnancy because they are uneducated about the harmful effects it could have on their baby. Some women don’t realize that by smoking it is hurting their unborn child, or that the unborn child may develop health problems after birth and later in life due to cigarette smoke. The older people are, the more likely they are to know about the harmfulness of smoking. Data from the UK show that only one pregnant smoker out of three knew that tobacco use can cause low birth weight and growth retardation. Four out of five non-smoking pregnant women knew. (Schneider, Sven, and Jessica Schutz. "Who smokes during pregnancy? A systematic literature review of population-based surveys conducted in developed countries between 1997 and 2006.." European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 13.2 (2008): 138-147. Print.)

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Psychosocial factors: The existence of a husband or another stable partner has a negative association with the probability of smoking during pregnancy, the number of children a women has correlates positively. (Schneider, Sven, and Jessica Schutz. "Who smokes during pregnancy? A systematic literature review of population-based surveys conducted in developed countries between 1997 and 2006.." European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 13.2 (2008): 138-147. Print.) Women who have smoked during previous pregnancies, and gave birth to healthy children despite the association to tobacco, are less likely to cease smoking during the current pregnancy.

Behavioral factors: Whether or not a smoker stops smoking after learning of her pregnancy also depends on the extent of her smoking habit. (Schneider, Sven, and Jessica Schutz. "Who smokes during pregnancy? A systematic literature review of population-based surveys conducted in developed countries between 1997 and 2006.." European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 13.2 (2008): 138-147. Print.) Quitting smoking can be very difficult for the mother. Cigarettes have very addicting agents in the them that hook the smoker. Nicotine, which is found in cigarettes is highly addictive. Smoking helps the smoker to relieve stress, and when they try to quit it they become very stressful, and moody. So even if a mother knows it is bad for her unborn child she may not be able to quit. Further, women who smoke during pregnancy are negligent in terms of prenatal care.

Women of younger age, with a low social status, a large number of children, without a partner, or with a partner who smokes, and deficient prenatal care are more likely to smoke than women in the respective reference groups. Smoking generates health risks for the smoker, and

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non-smokers. It presents a particular health risk for unborn children, at a particularly critical state in their development. A tobacco control policy is needed, and it should be focused on the above target groups.

The next important factor to discuss is health factors. What kind of health problems may the baby have because of a smoking mother? There are a lot of different situations, and in those situations different health problems occur. Cigarette smoke contains more than 2,500 chemicals. It is not known for certain which of these chemicals are harmful to the developing baby, but both nicotine and carbon monoxide play a role in causing adverse pregnancy outcomes. (http://www.marchofdimes.com/professionals/14332_1171.asp)

Cigarettes are among the non-medicinal drugs used most widely during pregnancy, especially in Wester cultures. Although the general population of smokers is declining pregnant women show the slowest rate of decline. Numerous studies report that maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy may have a harmful effect on fetal development. (Key, Alexandra et al. "Smoking during Pregnancy Affects Speech-Processing Ability in Newborn Infants.." Environmental Health Perspectives . 115.4 (2007): 623-628. Print.)

Low birth weight in newborns is the most consistently reported consequence of maternal smoking. Babies born weighting less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces are considered low birthweight. Smoking during pregnancy can harm the health of both a woman and her unborn baby. Currently, at least 10 percent of women in the United States smoke during pregnancy. Smoking nearly doubles a woman's risk of having a low-birthweight baby. In 2004, 11.9 percent of babies born to smokers in the United States were of low birthweight (less than 5½ pounds). Low birthweight

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can result from poor growth before birth, preterm delivery or a combination of both. Smoking has long been known to slow fetal growth. Smoking also increases the risk of preterm delivery (before 37 weeks of gestation) Premature and low-birthweight babies face an increased risk of serious health problems during the newborn period, chronic lifelong disabilities (such as cerebral palsy, mental retardation and learning problems), and even death. The more a pregnant woman smokes, the greater her risk of having a low-birthweight baby. However, if a woman stops smoking even by the end of her second trimester of pregnancy, she is no more likely to have a low-birthweight baby than a woman who never smoked. (http://www.marchofdimes.com/professionals/14332_1171.asp)

This is why it is so important to know the effects of tobacco on unborn babies. If women are knowledgeable about the effects tobacco could possibly have then they will most likely quit. My own sister had a hard time quitting when she was pregnant, but with the help and support of my family she was able to do it. Even if the mother has smoked though some of the pregnancy, it is always better to quit when you can, rather than continuing.

Prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke is also linked to various health, behavioral, and cognitive impairments. The Committee on Environmental Health noted increased incidents of asthma, respiratory infections, and middle ear effusions. Recently there was reported lower sociability/negative emotionality during infancy and increased likelihood of conduct disorders during childhood in boys and girls born to smoking mothers. Smoking during pregnancy has many bad health related outcomes. (Key, Alexandra et al. "Smoking during Pregnancy Affects Speech-Processing Ability in Newborn Infants.." Environmental Health Perspectives . 115.4 (2007): 623-628. Print.)

Multiple Perspectives Free write

Tara Link

Haley Stokes

English 1010

April 14

Multiple Perspectives Free Write

1. Point of view: Smoking is difficult to quit.

Quitting smoking can be very difficult and hard fot the mother. Cigarettes have very addicting agents in them that hook the smoker. Smoking helps the smoker to relieve stress and when they try to quit it becomes very stressful and all the person wants is a cigarette. Chewing gum does not always help either and neither do the patches, because it has been said that the hand motion you do when smoking triggers something in your brain, like when you are sad the action of smiling sends a message to your brain to release endorphins that make you happy, same idea with the hand motion in smoking. My father and mother have both struggled for many years trying to quit and they can usually quit for a couple months but then their back on them again. My father finally was able to beat the addiction of cigarettes by family support and by using suckers. Every time he had the urge to smoke a cigarette he would get out one of his suckers and suck on that to keep him busy and keep his mind off cigarettes. Although he was able to beat his addiction the journey was not easy, during the whole process he was unhappy and stressed, he was not pleasant to be around. So even when you have smoking mothers who know it bad for the baby, its not easy for them to quit smoking. No one who is not a smoker could possibly know how hard it really is to quit. This is why some mothers smoke while their pregnant, they are not able to beat their addiction to cigarettes.

2. Point of view: Smoking during pregnancy is bad for the baby.

Babies with smoking mothers are most likely going to get asthma which can affect a lot of things in their life. Babies can have language development problems as well as central nervous system problems. Women who know that smoking is wrong and know it can hut their babies by doing it, but continue to smoke anyways are 100% responsible for what ever problems/issues, or defects the child might bet because of smoking. Smoking is harmful for not only the baby but the mother too, so why not quit!? Smoking restricts the amount of oxygen the baby receives while in the womb. There have been some cases where the child has died because of the mother smoking. There have also been some cases where the child became addicted to cigarettes and after they are born they still want that nicotine drug. Some children whose mothers smoked with them when they were babies may become addicted to cigarettes too and at a young age. There are so many things that happen or could happen to babies because of mothers who smoke. We need to start educating people more about the affects of cigarette smoke on unborn babies.

3. Point of view: Smoking during pregnancy is not bad for the baby.

Smoking during pregnancy is not that bad for the baby. It is not as bad as drinking alcohol during pregnancy. There are not as many bad affects. So what the baby might get asthma, that is not that bad, now days there are medications people can take for asthma. The chances of the baby have central nervous development problems are rare, and not worth quitting over. If the child develops a language problem then you only have to get them help or put them in special classes. The chances of the baby dying because of smoking cigarettes is also rare, and nothing to really worry about. If the child has problems because of cigarettes it is not too much to worry about their is a lot of help and things people can do now days to reverse or help fix the problem. There is not too much research out there about smoking while pregnant, the only reason that must be is because there is not too many bad things related to smoking while pregnant.

Student Choice 3

Tara Link

English 1010

Haley Stokes

April 14

Student Choice

(outline of topic)

1. Thesis- Smoking during pregnancy can be very harmful and disruptive for the unborn baby. It can cause many health problems after birth and in later life.

-smoking is known to adversely affect development of the central nervous system maternal smoking is related with lower verbal scores and poorer performance on specific language/auditory tests.

-It can lead to asthma in the baby.

-stats and charts on babies language development, or other affects of smoking

How would not smoking during pregnancy help the baby and mother?

2. First I will talk about what kind of women smoke during pregnancy- knowing this can help to prevent those certain women from smoking while pregnant. I’ll explain more about who smokes during pregnancy and why they are more likely to smoke during pregnancy.

3. Then I will talk about all the different health problems associated with smoking during pregnancy.

4. I will give statistics and charts on the this topic.

-How many babies die because of smoking mothers?

-How many get asthma because of smoking mothers?

-How many have language or central nervous system development issues because of smoking mothers?

5. Give a conclusion about the topic and kinda show my argument about the topic in the end.

Student Choice 2

Tara Link

Haley Stokes

English 1010

April 14

Student Choice

(Free writing)

Smoking during pregnancy is harmful for the baby in many different ways. Smoking while pregnant can affect different babies in different ways. In some cases there is no bad affects on the baby, but that is not always certain. A lot of babies get asthma, which can affect their life in many different ways. Some children even become addicted to cigarettes at a young age because their mothers smoked while pregnant. Smoking while pregnant can affect speech-processing ability in newborn infants, smoking is known to adversely affect development of the central nervous system. Maternal smoking is also associated with lower verbal scores and poorer performance on specific language/auditory tests. Some women who are smokers aren’t able to quite because they don’t have a support system, or their spouse or boyfriend is a smoker and does not support or quite smoking either. A lot of women are not educated in the affects of smoking on their unborn baby. It is very important to get the news out about the harmful affects of smoking on babies. If the news is out about it and young mothers understand the risks then I believe the number of mothers who smoke would go down.

Student Choice 1

Tara Link

Haley Stokes

English 1010

April 7th

Student Choice

QUESTIONS ABOUT MY ISSUE

1. What are the health risks for the mom who’s smoking while pregnant?

2. What are the health risks for the baby?

3. What is the difference between babies with non-smoking mothers, and babies with smoking mothers?

4. What long term health issues do babies have?

5. How many different health issues are there related to smoking while pregnant?

6. Statistically how many women smoke while pregnant?

7. What makes it hard for pregnant women to quite smoking?

8. How many babies die because their mothers smoked while pregnant?

9. How many if any babies become addicted to cigarettes because their mothers smoked while pregnant with them?

10. How many mothers and babies die from cigarette related deaths?

Annotated Bibliography 5

Tara Link

Haley Stokes

English 1010

April 7th

Annotated Bibliography 5

"The Exposure of Nonsmoking and Smoking Mothers to Environmental Tobacco Smoke during Different Gestational Phases and Fetal Growth.." Environmental Health Perspectives . 110.6 (2002): 601. Print.

SUMMARY

Examines the impact of maternal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke on birth weight (BW), low birth weight and intrauterine growth retardation. Categories of smoking habits; Use of multiple regression and logistic regression procedures; Reduction in the mean BW of infants in active smoking mothers.

REFLECTION

Exposure to tobacco is causally associated with health problems like cardiovascular and respitory illness, including lung cancer. The impact of passive smoking on other reproductive outcomes is less clear; an elevated risk of spontaneous abortion and sudden infant death syndrome as well as impaired female and male fertility.